Analysis of Sleep Quality, Mood Alterations and modifications of some Habits/Behavior during two different Periods of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Argentina / Análisis de la calidad del sueño, alteraciones del humor y modificaciones de algunos hábitos y conductas durante dos diferentes períodos de la pandemia por COVID-19 en Argentina.

The pandemic caused by COVID-19 in the world, in its different periods, produced many changes in sleep and in various areas of mental health. Objectives: To evaluate and to compare sleep quality and aspects of mental health during two different periods of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as to analyze some changes in habits/behaviors. Subjects and methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out, through an anonymous survey. Demographic information, sleep quality, depressive and anxiety symptoms were analyzed. Of the total, 998 surveys were selected. The survey focused on 2 time periods, from March to July 2020 and from March to July 2021. Results: When sleep quality was compared during the 2020 versus 2021 periods, the percentage of poor sleepers went from 51% to 59% in the second period. Regarding depressive symptoms, it went from 21.1 to 16.3% and the percentage of anxiety symptoms went from 59.5 to 47.6%. Poor sleep quality affected more people in 2021 compared to 2020. The percentage of participants with symptoms of anxiety and depression decreased in 2021. People changed some habits/behaviors, such as: changing routine schedules, acquiring pets, sharing their dreams more, and remembering them more frequently. This article contributes to knowing various aspects of sleep, mood swings and changes in habits/behaviors that occurred during the pandemic in Argentina.

La pandemia provocada por COVID-19 en el mundo, en sus diferentes períodos, produjo muchos cambios en el sueño y en diversas áreas de la salud mental. Objetivos: Evaluar y comparar calidad de sueño y aspectos de la salud mental durante dos períodos diferentes de la pandemia por COVID-19, como así también analizar algunos cambios en hábitos/conductas. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal, a través de una encuesta anónima de la que participaron 998 personas. La misma se realizó en dos períodos de tiempo. El primer período comprendió de marzo a julio de 2020, el segundo período abarcó de marzo a julio 2021. El análisis consideró: información demográfica, calidad del sueño, síntomas depresivos y de ansiedad. Resultados: Al comparar la calidad de sueño durante los períodos 2020 versus el 2021, el porcentaje de malos dormidores pasó del el 51% al 59% en el segundo período. En cuanto a los síntomas depresivos pasó del 21,1 al 16,3% y el porcentaje de síntomas de ansiedad pasó del 59,5 al 47,6%. La mala calidad del sueño afectó a un número mayor de personas en el 2021 que en el 2020 mientras que el porcentaje de participantes con síntomas de ansiedad y de depresión disminuyó en el año 2021. En la segunda fase de la encuesta las personas modificaron algunos hábitos/conductas como ser: cambiaron horarios de rutina, adquirieron mascotas, compartieron más sus sueños y recordaban con mayor frecuencia los mismos. Este artículo contribuye a conocer diversos aspectos del sueño, los cambios de humor y modificaciones de hábitos/conductas que ocurrieron durante la pandemia en Argentina.

[Sleep quality, depressive symptoms and generalized anxiety disorders during confinement by COVID-19]. / Calidad de sueño, síntomas depresivos y de ansiedad durante el confinamiento por COVID-19 en Argentina.

The confinement due to the pandemic caused by COVID-19 in Argentina produced many changes. OBJECTIVE: To assess sleep, anxiety disorders, and depression in adults. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Through an anonymous survey distributed in the country through the web that was completed by 2,594 people (69% women, 32% men). 30% reported working in the health field. Demographic information, quality and other sleep variables, depressive symptoms and anxiety were analyzed. RESULTS: The general prevalence of bad sleepers, depressive symptoms, and anxiety were 53%, 21.1%, and 43.8%, respectively. Those over 65 years of age showed a significantly higher prevalence of going to bed earlier and having a lower sleep onset latency. Multivariate logistic regression showed that age <55 years and being a woman were associated with anxiety and with being a poor sleeper. Sleeping more than 10 hours, going to bed later, being a poor sleeper and anxiety, were associated with depressive symptoms. Being a healthcare worker was associated with more anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: We identified poor sleep quality and alteration mental health in times of confinement. We found that more than half of the evaluated population turned out to be poor sleepers and presented high scores of symptoms related to anxiety and depression. Additionally, health workers presented more anxiety than the rest.

[Why pregnant women sleep poorly compared to non-pregnant women? Cross-sectional study]. / ¿Por qué duermen mal las mujeres embarazadas comparadas con las no gestantes? Estudio de corte transversal.

AIMS: To evaluate causes/reasons that fragment sleep related to physiological changes in the different trimesters of pregnancy and compare them with those of non-pregnant women. To identify some sleep disorders in pregnant women (PW) and to compare them with those in non-pregnant women (NPW). METHOD: A cross sectional study was performed. A specific questionnaire was designed for the data collection of the study, Oviedo Sleep Questionnaire, Epworth Sleepiness Scale and others were also used. All the full term expectant mothers who attended the Obstetrics Department were invited to participate; non-pregnant students from College and teaching staff were used as control group. The results were expressed in measures of frequency, percent, mean and standard deviations (SD). Differences were considered significant if p <0.05 for all tests. RESULTS: PW: 1st Trimester (T): n = 106, 2nd. T: n = 104, 3rd T: n = 110. CONTROL GROUP: n = 304 NPW. When comparing both groups we find: ME / MNE: Snoring: p = 0.001. Apnea: p = 0.89. In NPW, the following predominated: Restless legs syndrome: p = 0.01. Bruxism: p = 0.00. CONCLUSIONS: The PW reported more fragmented sleep due to almost all physiological causes, related to pregnancy, who were questioned, but the only sleep disorders found, by survey, were mainly respiratory disorders, nightmares and leg movements. In NPW, however, we found more sleep disorders such as insomnia, hypersomnia and restless legs syndrome, bruxism.

[Kleine Levin syndrome: Review of diagnosed cases of Buenos Aires, Argentina]. / Síndrome de Kleine Levin: reporte de casos de Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Kleine-Levin syndrome is an uncommon disorder with recurrent episodes of hypersomnia, and behavioral abnormalities such as binge-eating and hypersexuality. Our aims were to report cases of the Kleine-Levin syndrome diagnosed in Buenos Aires, Argentina and to characterize the clinical presentation of these patients. We evaluated patients with Kleine-Levin syndrome according to the International Classification of Sleep Disorders. Psychiatric, physical and neurological symptoms were present. Some patients were investigated with brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography, electroencephalogram and some with polysomnography. Seven patients (2 female, 5 male), ages from 8 to 47 years (median 20.7 years) were included in the study. The duration of symptoms was 1.5-20 days with a mean of 8. The range of interval between episodes: 2.5-24 months, median=13. All seven patients had a history of hypersomnia (one of them post head injury); 5 reported hyperphagia and 2 reduced appetite. Brain MRI was performed in 6 patients: 1 showed non-specific abnormalities and another presented diencephalic hematoma; the rest were normal. Our paper is the first one in Buenos Aires reporting Kleine-Levin syndrome of different ethiologies. The prevalence is difficult to estimate in our country.

Prevalencia de lesión vascular cerebral silente en pacientes con síndrome de apnea/hipopnea obstructiva del sueño / Prevalence of silent cerebrovascular lesions in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

Introducción. El síndrome de apnea/hipopnea obstructiva del sueño (SAHOS) confiere mayor riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular, dada su asociación con otros factores de riesgo vascular. Tanto el SAHOS como otros factores de riesgo vascular se asocian con lesiones cerebrales silentes. Objetivo. Evaluar la prevalencia de lesiones cerebrales silentes en pacientes con SAHOS. Pacientes y métodos. Se evaluó retrospectivamente una cohorte de 137 pacientes con SAHOS, con una edad media de 65 ± 12 años, el 45% mujeres. Las lesiones cerebrales silentes en resonancia magnética se evaluaron con la escala visual de Fazekas, y se consignó la presencia de infartos corticales, lacunares y microsangrados. Resultados. La prevalencia de factores de riesgo vascular fue: hipertensión, 64%; dislipidemia, 58%; diabetes, 18%; tabaquismo, 34%; ateromatosis carotídea, 26%; enfermedad coronaria, 13%; y fibrilación auricular, 4%. El SAHOS fue leve en el 47%, moderado en el 31% y grave en el 22% de los casos. El 91% de los pacientes tenía hiperintensidades periventriculares y el 66% presentaba lesiones en la sustancia blanca subcortical. El valor medio del índice de apnea/hipopnea fue mayor en los pacientes con mayor carga de lesiones, aunque sin significación estadística. Conclusiones. Los pacientes con SAHOS presentan una elevada prevalencia de lesiones cerebrales silentes, fundamentalmente con un patrón microangiopático. Posiblemente esto se explique por la asociación entre el SAHOS, la hipertensión arterial y otros factores de riesgo vascular (AU)

Introduction. The obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA) confers increased risk of cardiovascular disease, given its association with other vascular risk factors. Both OSA and other vascular risk factors are associated with silent brain lesions. Aim. To assess the prevalence of silent brain lesions in patients with OSA. Patients and methods. We retrospectively evaluated a cohort of 137 patients with OSA. The mean age was 65 ± 12 years; 45% were women. The silent brain lesions in magnetic resonance imaging were assessed with the Visual Scale of Fazekas (FVS), and the presence of cortical infarcts, lacunar and microbleedings was assessed. Results. Vascular risk factors prevalence was: hypertension 64%, dyslipemia 58%, diabetes 18%, smoking 34%, carotid atherosclerosis 26%, coronary heart disease 13%, and atrial fibrillation 4%. OSA was mild in 47%, moderate in 31% and severe in 22% of the patients. 91% of patients had periventricular hyperintensities, and 66% showed subcortical white matter lesions. The average value of apnea/hipopnea index was higher in patients with score 2 and 3 in FVS, although without statistical significance. Conclusions. Patients with OSA in our study have a high prevalence of silent brain lesions, mainly with microangiopathic pattern. This is possibly explained by the relation between OSA, hypertension and other vascular risk factors (AU)

[Prevalence of silent cerebrovascular lesions in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome]. / Prevalencia de lesión vascular cerebral silente en pacientes con síndrome de apnea/hipopnea obstructiva del sueño.

INTRODUCTION: The obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA) confers increased risk of cardiovascular disease, given its association with other vascular risk factors. Both OSA and other vascular risk factors are associated with silent brain lesions. AIM: To assess the prevalence of silent brain lesions in patients with OSA. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated a cohort of 137 patients with OSA. The mean age was 65 ± 12 years; 45% were women. The silent brain lesions in magnetic resonance imaging were assessed with the Visual Scale of Fazekas (FVS), and the presence of cortical infarcts, lacunar and microbleedings was assessed. RESULTS: Vascular risk factors prevalence was: hypertension 64%, dyslipemia 58%, diabetes 18%, smoking 34%, carotid atherosclerosis 26%, coronary heart disease 13%, and atrial fibrillation 4%. OSA was mild in 47%, moderate in 31% and severe in 22% of the patients. 91% of patients had periventricular hyperintensities, and 66% showed subcortical white matter lesions. The average value of apnea/hipopnea index was higher in patients with score 2 and 3 in FVS, although without statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with OSA in our study have a high prevalence of silent brain lesions, mainly with microangiopathic pattern. This is possibly explained by the relation between OSA, hypertension and other vascular risk factors.

TITLE: Prevalencia de lesion vascular cerebral silente en pacientes con sindrome de apnea/hipopnea obstructiva del sueño.Introduccion. El sindrome de apnea/hipopnea obstructiva del sueño (SAHOS) confiere mayor riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular, dada su asociacion con otros factores de riesgo vascular. Tanto el SAHOS como otros factores de riesgo vascular se asocian con lesiones cerebrales silentes. Objetivo. Evaluar la prevalencia de lesiones cerebrales silentes en pacientes con SAHOS. Pacientes y metodos. Se evaluo retrospectivamente una cohorte de 137 pacientes con SAHOS, con una edad media de 65 ± 12 años, el 45% mujeres. Las lesiones cerebrales silentes en resonancia magnetica se evaluaron con la escala visual de Fazekas, y se consigno la presencia de infartos corticales, lacunares y microsangrados. Resultados. La prevalencia de factores de riesgo vascular fue: hipertension, 64%; dislipidemia, 58%; diabetes, 18%; tabaquismo, 34%; ateromatosis carotidea, 26%; enfermedad coronaria, 13%; y fibrilacion auricular, 4%. El SAHOS fue leve en el 47%, moderado en el 31% y grave en el 22% de los casos. El 91% de los pacientes tenia hiperintensidades periventriculares y el 66% presentaba lesiones en la sustancia blanca subcortical. El valor medio del indice de apnea/hipopnea fue mayor en los pacientes con mayor carga de lesiones, aunque sin significacion estadistica. Conclusiones. Los pacientes con SAHOS presentan una elevada prevalencia de lesiones cerebrales silentes, fundamentalmente con un patron microangiopatico. Posiblemente esto se explique por la asociacion entre el SAHOS, la hipertension arterial y otros factores de riesgo vascular.

Manifestaciones religiosas como semiología ictal en la epilepsia del lóbulo tempora / Religious manifestations as ictal semiology in temporal lobe epilepsy

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